In the past few years, new and deep methods in geometry have produced a remarkable insight on various aspects of representation theory of reductive groups : representations of semisimple Lie algebras and the theory of primitive ideals in their enveloping algebra, representations of finite groups of Lie type, representations of real and $p$-adic Lie groups, representations of adelic groups and representations of Hecke-algebras. These three volumes are the proceedings of a special period held on these questions in June and July of 1987 at Université Paris 7, Université de Paris-sud and Centre International de Rencontres Mathematiques in Marseille-Luminy. Some of the first synthetic presentations, by the best experts in the field, are given here, along with relevent research articles. This second volume is devoted more particularly to p-adic and real groups.